미국의 표준화 활동

□ 미국의 표준화 관련 기관

ㅇ 표준개발기관(SDO : Standard Develope Organization)

- 450여개의 표준개발기관(민간부문)이 산재

- 이중 ASTM(미국재료시험학회), ASME(미국기계학회), UL(보험협회), SAE(자동차공학회), NFPA(국가화재방지협회) 등 10대 표준개발기관의 표준이 전체의 90%이상 차지

ㅇ ANSI(미국표준협회, American National Standard Institute)

- 1918 설립, 75명, 1600만달러(200억원)의 예산

- 표준개발기관 인정기관(Accredits Developer) : 270기관 인정

- 표준개발기관이 제정한 표준을 미국 국가표준화 기능담당

(Approves American National Standards)

- 국제 표준화 활동에 있어서 미국을 대표

ㅇ NIST

- NIST 원장 =「표준정책범정부위원회(ICSP)」의장

- NTTA법에 의해 임의 합의표준의 사용․개발․시행을 위한 정책․절차 개발, 이행의 지도․안내․조정 기능 부여

- 미국 예산관리실(OMB) 회람 A-119

「임의합의표준의사용․개발및적합성평가활동에대한연방정부기관   의참여」의 미국 선도기구로서의 역할을 NIST 원장이 실시

□ 미국의 표준화 시스템

ㅇ 표준은 민간부문에서 각자 개발․발간․사용

ㅇ 표준개발기관의 표준개발절차서를 ANSI에 제출, 개발기관으로 인정

ㅇ 표준개발기관의 표준을 신청에 의해 ANSI가 미국국가표준으로 승인

< 미국의 표준화시스템 >

[개발기관(SDO) : ASTM]

이해관계자 기업체 개인 등	제정신청	개발기관ASTM (예)	표준개발기관인정국가표준승인신청	ANSI	국가표준개발절차(1) 개발기관인정절차	미국국가규격
		↓		↓
		TG	(워킹그룹,7명)	ASC(2)	(기관인정)
		↓			270여개기관이 규격 초안작성 기관으로 지정
		SC	(분과위원회)
		↓		↓
		Main C	(기술위원회)	BSR(3)	(표준승인)
		↓			-규격제정프로젝트 ANSI에 통보 -공개여론수렴(통상 60일간) -작성된규격안 초안채택여부결정 -이해관계인의위원회에규격안 제출 -ANSI표준심의
		Society	(학회위원회)
		↓
		COS	(표준위원회)
		↓
		표준발간

(1) Procedures for the Development and Coordination of American National Standards

Procedures for Accreditation of American National Standards Developers

(2) Accredited Standards Committees

(3) Board of Standards Review

□ 미국 표준화 시스템의 특징

ㅇ 시장중심, 민간부문 특히, 학회․협회 등의 단체표준이 활성화

ㅇ 경쟁을 통한 표준화 개발 유도

ㅇ 민간부문의 표준개발에 따른 고가의 개발비용 회수로 인하여 타국이 미국 표준을 활용하는 정도가 상대적으로 열세에 있다고 판단

ㅇ 민간․공공부문의 균형적 참여 및 상호 협력적 표준화 활동

ㅇ ANSI가 규격개발기관을 인정하고 미국 국가표준을 승인

ㅇ NIST는 정부 및 연방정부의 조정역할을 하며 민간분야 규격개발에도 참여

ㅇ Bottom-Up 방식

ㅇ 온라인 규격심의 시스템 - 무상심의(ASTM의 경우)

ㅇ 안전․건강․화재 등은 강제규정 적용

- 점차 강제규정에 임의합의표준의 확대적용 추진

ㅇ 서비스부문의 표준화 활동은 미미함

ㅇ 민간부문 중심의 표준개발로 인하여 민간․공공부문 어느 쪽에서도 책임질 수 있는 단일 기관이 없음

□ 우리나라와 미국의 표준화 관련 유사점

ㅇ 일반적 표준화절차 운영은 우리나라와 미국이 유사

- 의견수렴, 공개성, 투명성, 균형성, 예고, 절차준수 등

- 안전․건강․식품분야 등에 대한 강제규제

- 미국의 NTTA법은 아국의 국가표준기본법과 대응

- OIML의 대표기관으로 정부기관이 담당

- WTO/TBT의 질의처 창구

□ 향후 미국의 표준화 경향

ㅇ「표준정책범정부위원회」활동 및「임의합의표준의사용․개발및적합성평가활동에대한연방정부기관의참여」의 지침에 의거 안전․환경․건강 등의 강제규제 관련규정에 임의합의표준 도입을 적극 추진

ㅇ 대외통상, 자유무역협정(FTA)에 초점을 맞춘 표준화 추진

ㅇ WTO/TBT협정에 의거 비차별, 동등적용, 투명성 강조

□ 미국의 표준화제도에 비추어 본 우리의 대응

ㅇ 미국의 민간단체가 표준개발에 주도적 역할을 하는 점에 비하여

- 우리나라의 단체(학회․생산자단체․소비자단체 등)는 아직까지 표준의 개발․활성화가 미진

- 정부에서 SDO의 역할 및 민간단체의 표준화 능력을 제고시키기 위한 지원과 훈련이 필요

- KS규격 심의시 지급하는 수당도 국가의 보조로 여기고 있음

․ 산업표준심의회 수당을 거마비 개념으로 전환할 필요성 검토

- 산업표준심의회의 자발적인 참여 유도

․ 향후, 자발적 산업표준심의회 운영의 일환으로 심의위원의 웹을 통한 의견개진, 전자투표 등을 통하여 무수당지급시스템을 검토할 필요성이 있음

․ 국내 심의 위원 뿐만 아니라, ISO/TC/SC의 각국 참여자, 관련자 등 국제 전문가도 산업표준 심의에 참여시킬 수 있는 방안도 도입할 필요성이 있음

<참고>

미국국가표준 개발 및 조정 절차(ANSI)

(Procedures for Development and Coordination of American National Standards)

1. Standards developer's procedures are accredited by the ANSI Executive Standards Council(ExSC)

2. Accreditation may be appealed to the ANSI ExSC then to the ANSI Appeals Board

3. Preliminary development stage of document: filing of ANSI PINS form for new and revised ANS

4. Draft of document is announced in Standards Action for ANSI public review: filing of ANSI BSR-8 form - substantive changes may require multiple public reviews

5. Draft of document is balloted to consensus body, i.e., Committee, canvass list, etc., (multiple ballots may be necessary)

6. Attempt to resolve and respond to comments resulting from public review and consensus body ballot

7. Recirculation of outstanding public review comments/unresolved comments from consensus body members and substantive changes to the full consensus body (Recirculation required in order to afford each consensus body member the opportunity to respond, reaffirm or change his/her vote.)

8. Notification of right to appeal at the standards developer level sent to outstanding objectors (public review & consensus body members)

9. Appeal may be filed at developer level. All such appeals must conclude prior to approval as an ANS.

10. Documentation of consensus submitted to ANSI for approval of document by ANSI BSR as an ANS or Approval by an ANSI Audited Designator at the conclusion of their ANSI-accredited procedures

11. Right to appeal to the ANSI BSR or the ANSI ExSC (for ANSI Audited Designators), as appropriate

12. Appeal to ANSI BSR may be filed, or if ASD is ANSI Audited Designator, then a complaint may be filed with the ExSC, and adjudicated in accordance with the respective operating procedures

13. Right to appeal an ANSI BSR or ANSI ExSC appeals/complain decision to the ANSI Appeals Board

14. Appeal to the ANSI Appeals Board

Domestic Programs (American National Standards) Overview

ANSI facilitates the development of American National Standards (ANS) by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organizations (SDOs). These groups work cooperatively to develop voluntary national consensus standards. Accreditation by ANSI signifies that the procedures used by the standards body in connection with the development of American National Standards meet the Institute□s essential requirements for openness, balance, consensus and due process.

ANSI is often asked about the total number of standards (and standards setting bodies) in the United States. It is estimated that in the U.S. today there are hundreds of □traditional□ standards developing organizations ? with the 20 largest SDOs producing 90% of the standards ? and hundreds more □non-traditional□ standards development bodies, such as consortia. This means that the level of U.S. participation is quite expansive as the groups themselves are comprised of individual committees made up of experts addressing the technical requirements of standards within their specific area of expertise.

At year-end 2003, about 200 of these standards developers were accredited by ANSI; there were more than 10,000 American National Standards (ANS).

According to data provided in NIST Special Publication 806, Standards Activities of Organizations in the United States (1996 Edition; edited by Robert B. Toth), there are more than 93,000 standards produced and nearly 700 [1] organizations that cited standards development as an area of activity. Of these, the federal government is the largest single creator and user of standards (more than 44,000 of them); the private sector in America collectively has about 49,000 standards.

However, with the approval of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) of 1995 (Public Law 104-113), federal agencies are encouraged to utilize voluntary consensus standards where feasible and to participate as appropriate in voluntary consensus standards development activities. Standards that are approved as American National Standards satisfy all of the requirements of the NTTAA.

The ANS process is designed to withstand scrutiny, while protecting the rights and interests of every participant. In essence, ANSs quicken the market acceptance of products while making clear how to improve the safety of those products for the protection of consumers.

The hallmarks of the American National Standards process include:

consensus on a proposed standard by a group or "consensus body" that includes representatives from materially affected and interested parties;

broad-based public review and comment on draft standards;

consideration of and response to comments submitted by voting members of the relevant consensus body and by public review commenters;

incorporation of approved changes into a draft standard; and

right to appeal by any participant that believes that due process principles were not sufficiently respected during the standards development in accordance with the ANSI-accredited procedures of the standards developer.

As mentioned above, in order to maintain ANSI accreditation, standards developers are required to consistently adhere to a set of requirements or procedures that govern the consensus development process. These requirements are set forth in a document known as the "ANSI Essential Requirements

Due process is the key to ensuring that ANSs are developed in an environment that is equitable, accessible and responsive to the requirements of various stakeholders. The open and fair ANS process ensures that all interested and affected parties have an opportunity to participate in a standard's development. It also serves and protects the public interest since standards developers accredited by ANSI must meet the Institute's essential requirements and other due process safeguards.

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[1] Data shown is as of 1996; newer statistics are not available. For a list of U.S.-based developers, please search the standards developer directory available via ANSI□s website, the NSSN: A National Resource for Global Standards.